???? ??? ??? ? ????? ??????? 88 ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????. ???? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ??????? 88. ???? ??? ??? ? ????? ??????? 88 ?????? ?????. ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ? ????? ??????? 88 ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????

??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? . In 1829, Mahmud issued new restrictions mandating use with the fez by all civil and religious officials. The intention was to exchange the turban, which acted as a marker of identification and so divided rather then unified the populace. A century afterwards, in 1925, the fez was outlawed

??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???????? ????????: ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????. ?